The Relationship Between Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol and Coronary Artery Calcium Score in Patients with Chronic Coronary Syndrome Without Diabetes Mellitus at RSUP Haji Adam Malik Medan

Suci Asriri Pradina Muslim; Hilfan Ade Putra Lubis; Ali Nafiah Nasution

doi:10.71197/jsocmed.v4i3.203

The Relationship Between Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol and Coronary Artery Calcium Score in Patients with Chronic Coronary Syndrome Without Diabetes Mellitus at RSUP Haji Adam Malik Medan

Suci Asriri Pradina Muslim
Resident of Cardiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia
Hilfan Ade Putra Lubis
Cardiologist, Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia
Ali Nafiah Nasution
Cardiologist, Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia

Abstract

Introduction: Chronic Coronary Syndrome (CCS) is the most common symptom of ischemic heart disease and is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. One of the associated risk factors for coronary heart disease events is Low Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (LDL-C) through the process of atherosclerosis. Computed Tomography Coronary Artery (CTCA) is an examination that can be performed to assess atherosclerotic plaques and Coronary Artery Calcium Score (CAC Score). This study was conducted to assess the relationship between LDL and CAC Score in CCS patients.

Methods: This study is an observational analytical study involving 300 patients diagnosed with CCS during the period from March 1, 2023, to March 31, 2024, at RSUP H. Adam Malik Medan. All involved patients underwent LDL examination and CTCA examination as well as CAC Score measurement. Patient characteristics, disease history, and risk factors were also recorded.

Results: There was a significant relationship between LDL levels and CAC Score (P value: 0.008; OR: 1.91 (CI: 1.184-3.1). Among the patient characteristics in this study, the strongest protective factor was female gender (P value: <0.01; OR: 0.228 (CI: 0.119-0.437)), and the strongest risk factor was patients with hypertension (P value: 0.017; OR: 1.97 (CI: 1.119-3.484).

Conclusion: LDL can increase CAC Score in CCS patients.

Similar Articles

Muhammad Jailani Alfajri Alfajri, Henni Syahrini Lubis, Dairion Gatot, Comparative Analysis of Ankle-Brachial Index in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia Patients Treated with Imatinib versus Nilotinib at Adam Malik Hospital , Journal of Society Medicine: Vol. 4 No. 10 (2025): October
Gunawan Wijaya Setiawan , A Review of Non-surgical Strategies for Managing Chronic Rhinosinusitis , Journal of Society Medicine: Vol. 4 No. 9 (2025): September
Gunawan Wijaya Setiawan , Biologic Therapies in Chronic Rhinosinusitis with Nasal Polyposis: Current Evidence and Future Perspectives , Journal of Society Medicine: Vol. 4 No. 12 (2025): December
Bernadeth Bernadeth, Muchammad Erias Erlangga, Management of a Critically Ill Post-Cesarean Section Patient with Antepartum Hemorrhage Due to Placenta Previa Totalis in a G2P1A0 at 27–28 Weeks Gestation with Severe Preeclampsia, HELLP Syndrome, Pulmonary Edema, Stage 2 Acute Kidney Injury, and Hypoalbuminemia , Journal of Society Medicine: Vol. 4 No. 7 (2025): July
Artha Wahyu Wardana, Muchammad Erias Erlangga, Management of Guillain-Barré Syndrome with Respiratory Distress in a Pregnant Woman: A Case Report , Journal of Society Medicine: Vol. 3 No. 1 (2024): January
Cindy Giovanni, Nurita Dian Kestriani Saragi Sitio, Role of Intravenous Immunoglobulin (IVIG) in Patients with Guillain Barre Syndrome with Severe Community Pneumonia in The Intensive Care Unit (ICU) , Journal of Society Medicine: Vol. 3 No. 3 (2024): March
Muhammad Avicienna Zamzami, Elvita Rahmi Daulay, Suzy Indharty, Evan’s Index Values and Its Relationship with Individual Characteristics (Age and Gender) in Head CT-Scan Examination at Haji Adam Malik Hospital Medan 2021-2022 , Journal of Society Medicine: Vol. 2 No. 7 (2023): July
Fariz Nugraha Akbar, Elvita Rahmi Daulay, Taufik Sungkar, Correlation of Fatty Liver Imaging on Abdominal CT-Scan with Dyslipidemia in Haji Adam Malik General Hospital in 2020 , Journal of Society Medicine: Vol. 2 No. 5 (2023): May
Ilham Habib Djarkoni, Muhammad Iqbal Basri, Muhammad Akbar, Firdaus Hamid, Andi Kurnia Bintang, Jumraini Tamasse, High Density Lipoprotein (HDL) Level and Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN)/Creatinin Ratio Relationship with One-Month Outcome in Acute Ischemic Stroke Patients , Journal of Society Medicine: Vol. 2 No. 12 (2023): December
Sharanjit Dhillon, Aida Fithrie, Chairil Amin Batubara, The Association between Waist Hip Ratio and Severity of Diabetic Peripheral Neuropaty in Diabetes Melitus Type 2 by Using Toronto Clinical Scoring System , Journal of Society Medicine: Vol. 2 No. 4 (2023): April

<< < 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 > >>

You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.

PDF

Published at

31. March 2025
https://doi.org/10.71197/jsocmed.v4i3.203
Issue:

Vol. 4 No. 3 (2025): March
Section:

Articles
Keywords:

Chronic Coronary Syndrome Low Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Computed Tomography Coronary Artery Coronary Artery Calcium Score
References:

Hermiz C, Yub Raj S. Angina. Natl Libr Med. 2022; 19:12.

Riskesdas. Hasil utama Riset Kesehatan Dasar. Jakarta: Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia; 2018.

Shi R, Gao Y, Shen LL, Shi K, Wang J. The effect of LDL‑C status on the association between increased coronary artery calcium score and compositional plaque volume progression in statins‑treated diabetic patients: evaluated using serial coronary CTAs. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2022; 21:121.

Yamamoto H, Kihara Y, Fujimoto S, Daida H. Predictive value of the coronary artery calcium score and advanced plaque characteristics: Post hoc analysis of the PREDICT registry. J Cardiovasc Comput Tomogr. 2021;15(2):148-53.

Zheng P, Zeng B, Zhou C, Liu M. Gut microbiome remodeling induces depressive-like behaviors through a pathway mediated by the host’s metabolism. Mol Psychiatry. 2016;21(6):786-96.

Zahr FE, Mulukutla SR, Marroquin OS. A contemporary overview of the pathophysiology of angina pectoris. Rev Cardiovasc Med. 2013;14(1):3-10.

Tarkin JM, Kaski JC. Pharmacological treatment of chronic stable angina pectoris. Clin Med. 2013;13(1):63-70.

Miname MH, Bittencourt MS, Moraes SR, Alves RIM. Coronary artery calcium and cardiovascular events in patients with familial hypercholesterolemia receiving standard lipid-lowering therapy. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2019;12(9):1797-805.

Kozakova M, Morizzo C, Jamagidze G, Latta DD. Association between low density lipoprotein cholesterol and vascular biomarkers in primary prevention. Biomedicines. 2023; 11:1753.

Sandesara PB, Anurag M, Wesley T, Heval M. Clinical significance of zero coronary artery calcium in individuals with LDL cholesterol ≥ 190 mg/dL: the multi ethnic study of atherosclerosis. J Atheroscler. 2019.

Makaryus AN, Sison C, Kohansieh M, Makaryus JN. Implications of gender difference in coronary calcifications as assessed by CT coronary angiography. Clin Med Insights Cardiol. 2019;8(4).

Lennep JE, Tokgozoglu LS, Badimon L, Dumanski S. Women, lipids, and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: a call to action from the European Atherosclerotic Society. Eur Heart J. 2023; 44:4157-73.

Achencbach S. Coronary calcium bad news for men, even worse for women. Eur Heart J. 2018; 39:3736-8.

Reddy SM, Rubenfire M, Jackson L, Brook R. Coronary artery calcium in hypertension. J Am Soc Hypertens. 2019;9(12):993-1000.

Sung KC, Lee MY, Kim JY, Park JB. Prediction of incident hypertension with the coronary artery calcium score based on the 2017 ACC/AHA high blood pressure guidelines. Hypertens Res. 2020; 43:1293-300.

Won KB, Han D, Choi SY, Chun EJ. Association between blood pressure classification defined by the 2017 ACC/AHA guidelines and coronary artery calcification progression in an asymptomatic adult population. Eur Heart J. 2021; 1:1-9.

Xinhua W, Jian G, Krishnam MS, Robert D. Pulse pressure correlates with coronary artery calcification and risk for coronary heart disease. Coron Artery Dis. 2019;30(4):297-302.

Shahraki MN, Jouabadi SM, Bos D, Stricker B. Statin use and coronary artery calcification: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies and randomized controlled trials. Curr Atheroscler Rep. 2023; 25:769-84.

Lai R, Ju J, Lin Q, Xu H. Coronary artery calcification under statin therapy and its effect on cardiovascular outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2020;7.

Mitchell JD, Fergestrom N, Gage BF, Paisley R. Impact of statins on cardiovascular outcomes following coronary artery calcium scoring. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018;72(5):3233-42.

Ngamdu KS, Ghosalkar DS, Chung HE, Christensen JL. Long-term statin therapy is associated with severe coronary artery calcification. PLoS One. 2023;18(7):1-13.

Marcus JS, Valenti V, Hartaigh B, Gransar H. Prognostic utility of coronary artery calcium scoring in active smokers: a 15-year follow-up study. Int J Cardiol. 2015;177(2):581-3.

Oshunbade A, Yimer W, Valle K, Hamid A. Cigarette smoking, incident of coronary heart disease, and coronary artery calcification in black adults: the Jackson Heart Study. J Am Heart Assoc. 2021.

Petsophonsakul P, Burgmaier M, Willems B, Heeneman S. Nicotine promotes vascular calcification via intracellular Ca2+-mediated, NOX5-induced oxidative stress and extracellular vesicle release in vascular smooth muscle cells. Eur Soc Cardiol. 2022;118(9):2196-210.
Share:

Z

Muslim, S. A. P., Lubis , H. A. P., & Nasution , A. N. (2025). The Relationship Between Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol and Coronary Artery Calcium Score in Patients with Chronic Coronary Syndrome Without Diabetes Mellitus at RSUP Haji Adam Malik Medan. Journal of Society Medicine, 4(3), 76–83. https://doi.org/10.71197/jsocmed.v4i3.203